Higher Education in Afghanistan

Ali Hikmat



Higher Education in Afghanistan

Introduction

Generally, when a girl or boy goes to school actually they are pupil and supports by Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education covers students from first grad up to twelve, when students graduated from high school and by passing college entrance exam legitimately they enter to higher education system of Afghanistan which runs by Ministry of Higher Education. Higher education of Afghanistan consists of Universities and institutions of higher education and the universities are including faculties and faculties are divided in different departments. Those students who get high scores they go faculties like medical, engineering, law and pharmacy and those who get the medium score they absorb in faculties like language and literature, agriculture, economy, etc. and those students who get the lower score in the entrance exam they absorb in teacher training institutions which study for tow years .

Before the intervention of Soviet Union 1978, Afghanistan had a very well defined system of education that evolved over a century to that state. There were tow universities, Kabul University and Nangarhar University. The main university was Kabul University made of a dozen colleges (faculties). Nanngarhar University was mainly a medical college; in the later years several other colleges were added to make it an in depended university. There were several teacher training institutions around the country that were accepting high school graduates. There were also few other special / vocational training institutions that were accepting graduates of high schools. (UNECO Press)

If we glance to historical perspective of higher education in Afghanistan we will see that higher education have had the great effects on people’s lifestyle and people life-condition. For example those people who had the chance to enter in universities and continue their higher educations now they are in high position in the society and they can decide about people predestination. Nowadays the most significant and valuable thing which come in field of higher education are internet and computer, these facilities has brought change in field of study and teaching in Afghanistan universities, now all professors and students are able to share their knowledge to other universities and other scholars. For instance, a few years ago all professors or lecturers had to prepare lecture note to students and the students had to write it down or copy, but nowadays every students or professors can find their subjects and items via internet.(Aina Magazine)

In conclusion, higher education in Afghanistan sustained many difficulties during the Soviet Union invasion or after its invasion (during the Mujahidin period and Taliban term). But after Sep. 11, 2001 gradually change comes to higher education system in Afghanistan, especially when computer involved the curriculum of teaching. According to estimation of researcher in field of higher education, they believe that since, technology involved in higher education of Afghanistan the eligible change come to style of teaching lectures of professors. Now teachers present their lectures by power point and other facilities of Microsoft products. Finally, these changes are going on positively, and it insures a better future for higher education of Afghanistan.

Women's Rights

Woman right in Afghanistan

І- Introduction:

Right is the legal or moral entitlement to do or avoid doing from doing something or to obtain or refrain from obtaining an action, thing or acknowledgment in civil society. (1)
Basically both men and women have the same right there is no contrast between them. This issue highlighted in all religious books and constitutional law of all countries. Also United Nation which is the most powerful foundation in the world has been built to keep the right equality. Keeping equality between men and women is on priority in UN activities. But every thing in Afghanistan is inverted; there is no equality between men and women even the most women don’t have the right of going out of home and they don’t have the right to choose their husbands and they don’t have the right to find a job or to go to school. They (women) are doomed to be confined in the four-walls of home.

If we have a glance at the history of women rights in Afghanistan, it shows that from the past women had been in exposure of challenges for example, Amanullah Khan, the King of Afghanistan had fiery desire to change the women condition and for the first time in Afghanistan history he ordered his wife to threw away her burka. In 1924 for the first time he sent 5 women to Turkey for studying which this action of the King mad people angry. For the second time when he was sending the next group of women to France the people of Shenawari blocked the road and slaughtered the women and they protested that sending women abroad is against our religious and our tradition. (2)

Basically, women should have the rights through that they be able to express their ideas and their demands, but in Afghanistan still women is facing with a big challenge. While they want to explain their opinions, they face with violent protests. For example, Malalai Joia (now she is a member of parliament of Afghanistan) explained her ideas about women situation and about political situation, soon she faced with trails of men abuses and insults, it shows that still there is great obstacles on the way of women right and democracy.

Generally, right of work is the natural right of humanity every person entitled to have a job or to be free in selecting a job. But in Afghanistan this right is limited, particularly female do not have the right of work. Without permission of the head of their families (a few family allow their female member to work) they can not work outside. Even work of female is sin and shameful to most of the family. But after toppling the Taliban regime the cloud of stereotypical idea disappeared and the sky began to cleaning up. The majority of Afghan girls could go to school or work out of their house. And it is not the whole rights of women which given to them, still there is many challenges on the way of women’s promotion. (3)
Freedom of speech is one of the principle rights of people and by this right every one can declare their opinion. In Afghanistan still it is impossible for women to express their ideas or their objectives if they want to express their thought they will face with strong protests or violence. For example, “Safia Ama Jan” the head of Kandahar woman’s affairs’s department expressed the Kandahars’ women ideas about their rights and demands, soon after that she was killed by terrorists bands. (RAWA) Still it is difficult to convince the stereotypes that the rights of thought are a natural right of women and they are free to think freely or to be independent in their meditation. According to experts view, in Afghanistan common people are not in condition of knowledge to think about the values of humanitarians, it need to years struggle to change the common’s ideas

Safety is another natural right of women; the law should support women against discrimination and other threats. It is obvious that women consist of half of community’s body and they accomplish half of the duties in daily lives. Nevertheless, they are facing with kinds of torturing like kidnap, rape etc. “Sanawbar” is one of those women who are the sacrifice of such wildly action of warlords in North part of Afghanistan.

Choosing husband is the most significant right of women. They should be completely free in choosing husband because it is a lifetime decision. Unfortunately, in Afghanistan most women are not allowed to select their husbands. Traditionally parents decide about choosing husband for their daughters whom it has several disadvantages. Firstly, the daughter doesn’t know who will be her future husband, so it will cause stress and anxiousness that it has bad effect on her moral and behaviors. Secondly, may be their attitudes or behaviors are different and they cannot tolerant each other and the most divorcés are causes of these kind of marriages. (4)

In conclusion, there are many reasons such as instability, discrimination, stereotypical ideas and illiteracy that evidence the vulnerability of women rights in Afghan’s community. If we want to improve the women rights in Afghanistan it will take a long time of continuously efforts and without internationally reinforcement it seems impossible.

References:
1. www.informationheadquarters.com/Law/Right
2. G.M. Ghobar, History of Afghanistan Edited in 2001
3. Revolutionary Association of Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)
4. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)

The enjoyment of learning

Ali


The enjoyment of learning a language


Learning a language has many aspects. Just I want to present my presentation about one of them which is the enjoyment of learning a language. Basically, I want to focus on three facts which are; sharing our feeling, knowing other’s cultures and being aware of other’s thinking.

Firstly, when we are learning a language, it makes us to share our feeling, imagination and our thought with others. Also through learning a language we can make new friends and from our new friends we will learn new experiences and by these experiences we will be able to solve our problems.

Secondly, language and culture have close relation to each other. So knowing a about others cultures is a by product of learning a language. Beside this, we can camper the cultures and find the familiar points between cultures. As a result when we know about other’s culture we will be able to deal in a good manner with others.

Finally, learning a language make us to be aware of other’s thinking. And it helps us to know how others are thinking and how they could get to high positions in their lives, also we will know what were the reasons behind their successfulness.

In summary, making new friends, sharing feelings, comparing cultures and finding the joint points of cultures give pleasure for learners and these are the joyful things in learning a language.

Leadership

Ali Hikmat
Leadership

Leadership is not an easy task to be possible for every individual. Every one is eager and have desire to be a leader and be loved by people. But it is a dream rather than reality. A good leadership, require facts like; awareness of community situation, social structure, drawing public attention and creating new ideas.

First, leadership is a mutual process between leader and society. Basically a leader must be profoundly aware of social behavior, social believe and social wants. Generally it helps a leader to get relevant decision about its affairs. For example, “Khalq and Parcham” were two political parties supporting by Union Soviet, Impatiently they wanted to compare their objectives in Afghanistan, but they had not adequate information about Afghan’s society. Soon they faced with strong collation, eventually ended by collapsing these two parties.

Secondly, knowing about social structure is one of the important elements of leaders’ successfulness. The area which he/she want to be leader, perhaps there are different ethic groups with various demands. It is so significant for a leader to be acceptable for all. On the other hand, all people in the society are not the same level or the same rank of economy, knowledge, idea or other privileges. Everywhere, society is consisting of noble, middle class and lower class. The successful leader is the one who is ideal for all social class in a society.

Thirdly, a leader should have the skill to draw public attention. It is not simple which every individual have such a skill to make public attention. A question come to our mind how can a leader attract public attentions? It is obvious; a leader should be hard working. And without giving scarifies victory is impossible, so leader must be ready to accept risks. Also a leader should be generous and sociable to build relation with every individual. In addition, charisma is one of the original elements of leadership. If a leader has such power or skill, it will help the leader to influence on public emotions. For example, the leader of Pakistan, “Mohammad Ali Junah” was a leader that he had charismatic power and he was an ideal leader for Pakistan’s people.

Finally, a leader should have specific plan and managed- procedure for his/her activities. Always leader should be initiator of new positive changes in the area which he/ she is working. For instance, Dr. Martin Luther king” was the one who could create a new positive idea among his followers. And regarding to leadership Nilsson Mandela and Dr. Luther King were the patterns of public leaders and they could bring the change in history of the world.

In summary, leadership is a complicated responsibility. It required to things like; awareness of community condition, knowing of social structure, making public attention and creating positive idea. Also leadership has some risks like; facing with criticizing, gossips, and sometimes leaders are torturing. So, it need more strength and patient .

TV themes

Ali/ HEP-3-128

Universal themes in TV

Universal themes are the things which are common among people everywhere in the world. These things have directly relation to human’s real lives such as; love, family’s problems, health condition, marriage costumes… the filmmakers and TV programmers set these issues in interrelated episodes within dramas or soap operas which are continuing for a long time, perhaps it will be continuing for several years. The characters which are playing the role are the same, in order to perform the show naturally. When the viewers watching they imagine that they are involved the scene or each viewer thinks that the show is revealing his/ her personal life.

My life

My Life
From dark... I came leaving my loved ones, I came in search of happiness, to be happy, I came in search of knowledge, to learn, I came in search of a leader to guide me, I came in search of a friend to care, But... God never liked me to be happy, He made me sad, unhappy; He made me depressed. He made me think how the world works; He made me realise how people are; He taught me to dwell upon all forms of life. He made me perfect to dwell, in life. Oh! My life.

A view of Bamyan

A view of Bamyan