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Zahra’s speech
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Simple Present



FORM
[VERB] + s/es in third person
Examples:
· You speak English.
· Do you speak English?
· You do not speak English.
Complete List of Simple Present Forms
USE 1 Repeated Actions
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.
Examples:
· I play tennis.
· She does not play tennis.
· Does he play tennis?
· The train leaves every morning at 8 AM.
· The train does not leave at 9 AM.
· When does the train usually leave?
· She always forgets her purse.
· He never forgets his wallet.
· Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun.
· Does the Sun circle the Earth?
USE 2 Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.
Examples:
· Cats like milk.
· Birds do not like milk.
· Do pigs like milk?
· California is in America.
· California is not in the United Kingdom.
· Windows are made of glass.
· Windows are not made of wood.
· New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue.
USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.
Examples:
· The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
· The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM.
· When do we board the plane?
· The party starts at 8 o'clock.
· When does class begin tomorrow?
USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.
Examples:
· I am here now.
· She is not here now.
· He needs help right now.
· He does not need help now.
· He has his passport in his hand.
· Do you have your passport with you?
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You only speak English.
· Do you only speak English?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Active
· Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. Passive
·
Present Continuous



FORM
[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:
· You are watching TV.
· Are you watching TV?
· You are not watching TV.
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:
· You are learning English now.
· You are not swimming now.
· Are you sleeping?
· I am sitting.
· I am not standing.
· Is he sitting or standing?
· They are reading their books.
· They are not watching television.
· What are you doing?
· Why aren't you doing your homework?
USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
· I am studying to become a doctor.
· I am not studying to become a dentist.
· I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
· I am not reading any books right now.
· Are you working on any special projects at work?
· Aren't you teaching at the university now?
USE 3 Near Future
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:
· I am meeting some friends after work.
· I am not going to the party tonight.
· Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
· Isn't he coming with us tonight?
USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
· She is always coming to class late.
· He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
· I don't like them because they are always complaining.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.
Examples:
· She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct
· She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You are still watching TV.
· Are you still watching TV?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active
· Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive
·
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Present Perfect

FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
· You have seen that movie many times.
· Have you seen that movie many times?
· You have not seen that movie many times.
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
· I have seen that movie twenty times.
· I think I have met him once before.
· There have been many earthquakes in California.
· People have traveled to the Moon.
· People have not traveled to Mars.
· Have you read the book yet?
· Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
· A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
· I have been to France.This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
· I have been to France three times.You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
· I have never been to France.This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
· I think I have seen that movie before.
· He has never traveled by train.
· Joan has studied two foreign languages.
· A: Have you ever met him?B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
· You have grown since the last time I saw you.
· The government has become more interested in arts education.
· Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
· My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
· Man has walked on the Moon.
· Our son has learned how to read.
· Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
· Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
· James has not finished his homework yet.
· Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
· Bill has still not arrived.
· The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
· The army has attacked that city five times.
· I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
· We have had many major problems while working on this project.
· She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
· Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
· I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
· They have had three tests in the last week.
· She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
· My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
· I went to Mexico last year.I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
· I have been to Mexico in the last year.I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
· I have had a cold for two weeks.
· She has been in England for six months.
· Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You have only seen that movie one time.
· Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
· That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
Present Perfect Continuous

FORM
[has/have + been + present participle]
Examples:
· You have been waiting here for two hours.
· Have you been waiting here for two hours?
· You have not been waiting here for two hours.
Complete List of Present Perfect Continuous Forms
USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.
Examples:
· They have been talking for the last hour.
· She has been working at that company for three years.
· What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes?
· James has been teaching at the university since June.
· We have been waiting here for over two hours!
· Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
USE 2 Recently, Lately
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning.
Examples:
· Recently, I have been feeling really tired.
· She has been watching too much television lately.
· Have you been exercising lately?
· Mary has been feeling a little depressed.
· Lisa has not been practicing her English.
· What have you been doing?
IMPORTANT
Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect.
Examples:
· Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct
· Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You have only been waiting here for one hour.
· Have you only been waiting here for one hour?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· Recently, John has been doing the work. Active
· Recently, the work has been being done by John. Passive
NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is less commonly used in its passive form

Simple Past

FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
· You called Debbie.
· Did you call Debbie?
· You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
· I saw a movie yesterday.
· I didn't see a play yesterday.
· Last year, I traveled to Japan.
· Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
· Did you have dinner last night?
· She washed her car.
· He didn't wash his car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
· I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
· He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00.
· Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
· I lived in Brazil for two years.
· Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
· They sat at the beach all day.
· They did not stay at the party the entire time.
· We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
· A: How long did you wait for them?B: We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
· I studied French when I was a child.
· He played the violin.
· He didn't play the piano.
· Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
· She worked at the movie theater after school.
· They never went to school, they always skipped class.
USE 5 Old Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe old facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."
Examples:
· She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
· He didn't like tomatoes before.
· Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
· People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.
Examples:
· When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question.
· She answered my question when I paid her one dollar.
When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar.
Example:
· I paid her one dollar when she answered my question.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You just called Debbie.
· Did you just call Debbie?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· Tom repaired the car. Active
· The car was repaired by Tom. Passive

Past Continuous

FORM
[was/were + present participle]
Examples:
· You were studying when she called.
· Were you studying when she called?
· You were not studying when she called.
Complete List of Past Continuous Forms
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
· I was watching TV when she called.
· When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
· While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
· What were you doing when the earthquake started?
· I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
· You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
· While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
· Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
· While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
· A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?B: I was snowboarding.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
· Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
· At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.
· Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
· Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.I started eating at 6 PM.
· Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.
USE 3 Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
· I was studying while he was making dinner.
· While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
· Were you listening while he was talking?
· I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.
· What were you doing while you were waiting?
· Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
· They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
Example:
· When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:
· She was always coming to class late.
· He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
· I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.
Examples:
· I was studying when she called.
· While I was studying, she called.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:
· Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct
· Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You were just studying when she called.
· Were you just studying when she called?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active
· The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive
Past Perfect

FORM
[had + past participle]
Examples:
· You had studied English before you moved to New York.
· Had you studied English before you moved to New York?
· You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
Complete List of Past Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.
Examples:
· I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
· I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
· Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
· Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?
· She only understood the movie because she had read the book.
· Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.
· We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.
· A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.
Examples:
· We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.
· By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.
· They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.
Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.
Example:
· She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER
If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.
Examples:
· She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
· She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.
Examples:
· She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct
· She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.
· Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Active
· Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Passive
Past Perfect Continuous

FORM
[had been + present participle]
Examples:
· You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
· Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived?
· You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Complete List of Past Perfect Continuous Forms
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.
Examples:
· They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
· She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business.
· How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
· Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
· James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.
· A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past
Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples:
· Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
· Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
· Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous
If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference.
Examples:
· He was tired because he was exercising so hard.This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment.
· He was tired because he had been exercising so hard.This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Past Perfect.
Examples:
· The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct
· The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived.
· Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. Active
· The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. Passive
NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common
Simple Future

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
· You will help him later.
· Will you help him later?
· You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb]
Examples:
· You are going to meet Jane tonight.
· Are you going to meet Jane tonight?
· You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
Complete List of Simple Future Forms
USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
· I will send you the information when I get it.
· I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
· Will you help me move this heavy table?
· Will you make dinner?
· I will not do your homework for you.
· I won't do all the housework myself!
· A: I'm really hungry.B: I'll make some sandwiches.
· A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.B: I'll get you some coffee.
· A: The phone is ringing.B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
· I will call you when I arrive.
· If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
· I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
· Don't worry, I'll be careful.
· I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
· He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
· She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
· A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
· I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
· Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
· They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
· Who are you going to invite to the party?
· A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
· The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
· The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
· John Smith will be the next President.
· John Smith is going to be the next President.
· The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
· The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
· When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
· When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You will never help him.
· Will you ever help him?
· You are never going to meet Jane.
· Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. Active
· The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. Passive
· Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. Active
· A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. Passive
Future Continuous

Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Continuous with "Will"
[will be + present participle]
Examples:
· You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
· Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
· You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To "
[am/is/are + going to be + present participle]
Examples:
· You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
· Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
· You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning.
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
· I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.
· I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives.
· I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me.
· He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives.
Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:
· Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.I will be in the process of eating dinner.
· At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.We will be in the process of driving through the desert.
REMEMBER
In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action.
Examples:
· Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner.I am going to start eating at 6 PM.
· Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner.I am going to start earlier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 PM.
USE 3 Parallel Actions in the Future
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:
· I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner.
· Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
· While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.Notice "is reading" because of the time clause containing "while." (See Explanation Below)
USE 4 Atmosphere in the Future
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future.
Example:
· When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used.
Examples:
· While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct
· While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future.
Examples:
· Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct
· Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You will still be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
· Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
· You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives.
· Are you still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. Active
· At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John. Passive
· At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes. Active
· At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John. Passive
NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Continuous are not common.
Future Perfect

Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done " and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect with "Will"
[will have + past participle]
Examples:
· You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
· Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
· You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"
[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]
Examples:
· You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
· Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
· You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning.
USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Future
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.
Examples:
· By next November, I will have received my promotion.
· By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house.
· I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock.
· Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing?
· Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon.
· By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests.
· How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50?
Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future.
Examples:
· I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave.
· By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.
Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Future Perfect cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect, Present Perfect is used.
Examples:
· I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct
· I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You will only have learned a few words.
· Will you only have learned a few words?
· You are only going to have learned a few words.
· Are you only going to have learned a few words?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· They will have completed the project before the deadline. Active
· The project will have been completed before the deadline. Passive
· They are going to have completed the project before the deadline. Active
· The project is going to have been completed before the deadline. Passive
Future Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Will"
[will have been + present participle]
Examples:
· You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
· Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
· You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
FORM Future Perfect Continuous with "Be Going To"
[am/is/are + going to have been + present participle]
Examples:
· You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
· Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives?
· You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning.
Complete List of Future Perfect Continuous Forms
USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Future
We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future.
Examples:
· They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.
· She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes.
· James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia.
· How long will you have been studying when you graduate?
· We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage.
· A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year?B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Cause of Something in the Future
Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect.
Examples:
· Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour.
· Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
Future Continuous vs. Future Perfect Continuous
If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Future Continuous rather than the Future Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Future Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Future Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the future. Study the examples below to understand the difference.
Examples:
· He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will be exercising at that exact moment in the future.
· He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.This sentence emphasizes that he will be tired because he will have been exercising for a period of time. It is possible that he will still be exercising at that moment OR that he will just have finished.
REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Future Perfect Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Perfect Continuous, Present Perfect Continuous is used.
Examples:
· You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct
· You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Future Perfect .
Examples:
· Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct
· Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
· You will only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
· Will you only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?
· You are only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives.
· Are you only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
· The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Active
· The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. Passive
· The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. Active
· The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. Passive
NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Perfect Continuous are not common.

Information abuot English language

English
English is a West Germanic language related to Dutch, Frisian and German with a significant amount of vocabulary from French, Latin, Greek and many other languages.
English evolved from the Germanic languages brought to Britain by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and other Germanic tribes, which are known collectively as Anglo-Saxon or Old English. Old English began to appear in writing during the early 8th century AD.
Approximately 341 million people speak English as a native language and a further 267 million speak it as a second language in over 104 countries including the UK, Ireland, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, American Samoa, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Botswana, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cayman Islands, Cook Islands and Denmark. Source: http://www.ethnologue.com

pet or friend

One of the most fascinating things about your pet dog is that you’ll have no direct control over it whatever, while almost everything that you do will influence its behavior. When you’re walking around, he’ll rarely lose your way too far away from you, but he’ll actively explore the area and, in doing so, he’ll draw your attention to points of interest and anything that has changed since the last time you were there. Furthermore, when he senses danger, he’ll move ahead of you and start barking and growling to alert you. Your dog will be your guide through the free-roaming world. Os he is most cute pet among others.

life of rose

In my garden a beautiful rose Blooms daily in a majestic pose Thrills my heart with joy.
Washed fresh by the morning dew Its petals shine like new On a bed of thorns Like a queen on her throne.
As the day hides behind the darkness The rose loses its freshness Age imprints its mark in its wrinkles With the dust the petals mingle.

childesh

Ah! What a time that was When I was only a child Lots of fun, enjoyment and play Every day was a pleasant day Naughty actions throughout the day Were my favorites just to say Playing with mud, sand and clay Kept me busy round the day Now that I have grown up There is less enjoyment and little play Every day is a working day A boring day and a tiring day Oh! Why have I grown up? I wish I could be child always Busy with studies all the time There is no time to sing a rhyme.

Old friends
Never have I felt so much at heart, my friends. How sweet it is to remember you! Now sitting here alone in the night, With only the light of the moon, Recollections come rushing to my mind, With the cold breeze of the gentle wind.
The days I spent with you cracking jokes, They stick to the mind with pain. We would talk about men of might, Gandhiji, Nehru, Patel and Prasad. They would come again to play their parts. We would listen to the story of their endless strife For the nation without fearing death. My friends, sitting here alone in the night, I'll try to forget everything tonight. For I can resist no more pain Of the parting words our good days Lost in silence in this dark night. I shall try to forget, for my ease. But how deep our attachment is. I know the days would never come back, But I still love you and your smiling faces.
Shyam S Thiruvananthapuram: Sainik School, Kazhakootam

diversity

Ali/HEP


1- What examples of diversity do you see in your own country, city, neighborhood, and family?

There is much diversity in our live and our country or in our neighborhood. First, in our own live, we spent different situation during past ten years. We experienced war, immigration, danger and peace. All these things are diversity which we have seen in our own live. Or since 1975 up to now, there have been nine presidents ruling in Afghanistan. Also in our neighborhood we see that refugees from different countries are congregated together with various custom and behaviors. These are the patterns of diversity which is vivid in Afghanistan.

2- How does diversity strengthen a group of people?

In different ways diversity can cause to strengthen a group of people. Fro example, when there are different people form different place or different country, absolutely they have different ideas and different skills, if they put together their heads, and they can solve great problems.

3- How does it weaken it?

While diversity will cause weaken of group of people, which they can not adopt the diversity. In this time, diversity cause to break out discrepancy and disagreement between groups of people. For example, after falling Dr. Najebullah’s state, different groups or different politic parties come to Kabul to build a new state, but they couldn’t get benefit of diversity, eventually they destroyed their country and their entire country’s infrastructure.

"If you have an apple and I have an apple and we each exchange these apples, then you and I will still each have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas." - George Bernard Shaw

Letting Go
Letting go is probably one of the hardest things to do in life.Ask a mother who sends her child off to college.Ask a father who gives his daughter away at the alter.Ask a little girl who has just lost her hamster.Ask the young child who can't bring their teddy bear on the road trip.Ask the elderly women who has lost her husband and companion of 65 years.Ask the all star athlete who has just been traded from his only team.Ask the girl who needs to let go of a dream that in her heart, she knows will never come true.

Dear Haibi,

I read your sensible letter carefully. In your letter, you indicated your emotion deeply. Every reader cam imagines your dream when they read the letter. It is said that, letter is the representative of its writer. Now we can guess about your notion and your wants.

Dear Sir, at the beginning of your letter you stated that you only “believe in mankind”, I think, it is a good idea, but it is not a comprehensive opinion. Mankind is a social creature, always they are depending on each other. In the world, direct or indirect all things have relation to a creator. For example, animal kingdom, nonliving things, hate, love, hope, desire…has a creator. On the other hand, in the communities which we are living there is different rules or regulation that we should obey them. So there are two kinds of rules or regulation. One is the rule which made by legislative branch of government. Other is spiritual rule or regulation; both rules are to control and navigate people. Spiritual rules or regulations are the rules which brought by prophets. All God, spirit, devil, hope, desire, love, faith, hate, truth, sadness and happiness are belonging to spiritual issues. If we cut off these things from mankind’s life, mankind will be the same as other animals.

Gentleman, there are hope, and desire that give us energy to straggle against difficulties to rich in welfare life. There is God that makes us to be honest and kind. Also there is God that made us to have an idea, which these ideas give us the courage to do something.

Respected Haibi, in your letter you mentioned that you have been helping people by the time you were in Iraq. It shows that indirectly you believe in God, because mankind is the successor of God in the earth. Also at the end of your letter you stated that you saw innocents were killed, it shows that the rules are not respected therefore they are faced with disaster. Again, you suggested that; instead of violence and insurgency they should come to oneness and respect mankind as mankind. In my opinion, it imply your believe to God and spiritual issues as well.

Truly yours

Ali Hikmat

Make friend
Fold two hands together! And express a clash of sorrow, Marinate it overnight, And work on it tomorrow. Chop one grudge in tiny pieces And several cups of love Drudge with a large sized smile. Mix with the ingredients above. Dissolve the hate within you, By doing a good deed, Help someone, If he should be in need. Stir in laughter, love & kindness, From the heart it has to come, Toss it with genuine forgiveness, & give it to everyone. The amount of people served, Will depend on you, It can serve the whole wide world, If you really want it to!!!
Richa New Delhi: Salwan Public School

Perspective of English in Afghanistan

In 1970s when the Union Soviet invaded Afghanistan, people thought that Russian language will be come the world wide language. In Afghanistan, particularly in cities people were enthusiast to learn Russian. Knowing the Russian language was a privilege, the people how knew Russian were feeling that they are significant ones in Afghanistan. By collapsing the Soviet Union, the importance of Russian language suddenly diminished, the people who knew Russian were denying of knowing Russian language.

By the time when Russian language was decreasing, English language was steadily growing in among Afghan civilians. Particularly those who were refugee in Pakistan got benefit from learning English language, because they could find job in NGOs. In addition, they could get to Europe and US and the English language become the business language more than politics.

After September 11 event, rapidly English language turned in importance in Afghanistan. All people from cities and rural areas are willing to learn English. In fact, after Taliban, in Field of Education we can call it " the era of English" in Afghanistan. It was a custom in Afghanistan that the student who gained the highest score were eager to go to medical school. Now the situation is changed, English and medical school are the same rank. Now an idea is arising among people that; through knowing English they are able to reach in high position and welfare life. The reason is clear, for instance, if some one want to get a job in government branches or nongovernmental organisation the first question is about English skill. These facts help that English to become an everyday language in Afghanistan like Dari and Pushtu.

Higher Education in Afghanistan

Ali Hikmat



Higher Education in Afghanistan

Introduction

Generally, when a girl or boy goes to school actually they are pupil and supports by Ministry of Education. Ministry of Education covers students from first grad up to twelve, when students graduated from high school and by passing college entrance exam legitimately they enter to higher education system of Afghanistan which runs by Ministry of Higher Education. Higher education of Afghanistan consists of Universities and institutions of higher education and the universities are including faculties and faculties are divided in different departments. Those students who get high scores they go faculties like medical, engineering, law and pharmacy and those who get the medium score they absorb in faculties like language and literature, agriculture, economy, etc. and those students who get the lower score in the entrance exam they absorb in teacher training institutions which study for tow years .

Before the intervention of Soviet Union 1978, Afghanistan had a very well defined system of education that evolved over a century to that state. There were tow universities, Kabul University and Nangarhar University. The main university was Kabul University made of a dozen colleges (faculties). Nanngarhar University was mainly a medical college; in the later years several other colleges were added to make it an in depended university. There were several teacher training institutions around the country that were accepting high school graduates. There were also few other special / vocational training institutions that were accepting graduates of high schools. (UNECO Press)

If we glance to historical perspective of higher education in Afghanistan we will see that higher education have had the great effects on people’s lifestyle and people life-condition. For example those people who had the chance to enter in universities and continue their higher educations now they are in high position in the society and they can decide about people predestination. Nowadays the most significant and valuable thing which come in field of higher education are internet and computer, these facilities has brought change in field of study and teaching in Afghanistan universities, now all professors and students are able to share their knowledge to other universities and other scholars. For instance, a few years ago all professors or lecturers had to prepare lecture note to students and the students had to write it down or copy, but nowadays every students or professors can find their subjects and items via internet.(Aina Magazine)

In conclusion, higher education in Afghanistan sustained many difficulties during the Soviet Union invasion or after its invasion (during the Mujahidin period and Taliban term). But after Sep. 11, 2001 gradually change comes to higher education system in Afghanistan, especially when computer involved the curriculum of teaching. According to estimation of researcher in field of higher education, they believe that since, technology involved in higher education of Afghanistan the eligible change come to style of teaching lectures of professors. Now teachers present their lectures by power point and other facilities of Microsoft products. Finally, these changes are going on positively, and it insures a better future for higher education of Afghanistan.

Women's Rights

Woman right in Afghanistan

І- Introduction:

Right is the legal or moral entitlement to do or avoid doing from doing something or to obtain or refrain from obtaining an action, thing or acknowledgment in civil society. (1)
Basically both men and women have the same right there is no contrast between them. This issue highlighted in all religious books and constitutional law of all countries. Also United Nation which is the most powerful foundation in the world has been built to keep the right equality. Keeping equality between men and women is on priority in UN activities. But every thing in Afghanistan is inverted; there is no equality between men and women even the most women don’t have the right of going out of home and they don’t have the right to choose their husbands and they don’t have the right to find a job or to go to school. They (women) are doomed to be confined in the four-walls of home.

If we have a glance at the history of women rights in Afghanistan, it shows that from the past women had been in exposure of challenges for example, Amanullah Khan, the King of Afghanistan had fiery desire to change the women condition and for the first time in Afghanistan history he ordered his wife to threw away her burka. In 1924 for the first time he sent 5 women to Turkey for studying which this action of the King mad people angry. For the second time when he was sending the next group of women to France the people of Shenawari blocked the road and slaughtered the women and they protested that sending women abroad is against our religious and our tradition. (2)

Basically, women should have the rights through that they be able to express their ideas and their demands, but in Afghanistan still women is facing with a big challenge. While they want to explain their opinions, they face with violent protests. For example, Malalai Joia (now she is a member of parliament of Afghanistan) explained her ideas about women situation and about political situation, soon she faced with trails of men abuses and insults, it shows that still there is great obstacles on the way of women right and democracy.

Generally, right of work is the natural right of humanity every person entitled to have a job or to be free in selecting a job. But in Afghanistan this right is limited, particularly female do not have the right of work. Without permission of the head of their families (a few family allow their female member to work) they can not work outside. Even work of female is sin and shameful to most of the family. But after toppling the Taliban regime the cloud of stereotypical idea disappeared and the sky began to cleaning up. The majority of Afghan girls could go to school or work out of their house. And it is not the whole rights of women which given to them, still there is many challenges on the way of women’s promotion. (3)
Freedom of speech is one of the principle rights of people and by this right every one can declare their opinion. In Afghanistan still it is impossible for women to express their ideas or their objectives if they want to express their thought they will face with strong protests or violence. For example, “Safia Ama Jan” the head of Kandahar woman’s affairs’s department expressed the Kandahars’ women ideas about their rights and demands, soon after that she was killed by terrorists bands. (RAWA) Still it is difficult to convince the stereotypes that the rights of thought are a natural right of women and they are free to think freely or to be independent in their meditation. According to experts view, in Afghanistan common people are not in condition of knowledge to think about the values of humanitarians, it need to years struggle to change the common’s ideas

Safety is another natural right of women; the law should support women against discrimination and other threats. It is obvious that women consist of half of community’s body and they accomplish half of the duties in daily lives. Nevertheless, they are facing with kinds of torturing like kidnap, rape etc. “Sanawbar” is one of those women who are the sacrifice of such wildly action of warlords in North part of Afghanistan.

Choosing husband is the most significant right of women. They should be completely free in choosing husband because it is a lifetime decision. Unfortunately, in Afghanistan most women are not allowed to select their husbands. Traditionally parents decide about choosing husband for their daughters whom it has several disadvantages. Firstly, the daughter doesn’t know who will be her future husband, so it will cause stress and anxiousness that it has bad effect on her moral and behaviors. Secondly, may be their attitudes or behaviors are different and they cannot tolerant each other and the most divorcés are causes of these kind of marriages. (4)

In conclusion, there are many reasons such as instability, discrimination, stereotypical ideas and illiteracy that evidence the vulnerability of women rights in Afghan’s community. If we want to improve the women rights in Afghanistan it will take a long time of continuously efforts and without internationally reinforcement it seems impossible.

References:
1. www.informationheadquarters.com/Law/Right
2. G.M. Ghobar, History of Afghanistan Edited in 2001
3. Revolutionary Association of Women of Afghanistan (RAWA)
4. Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)

The enjoyment of learning

Ali


The enjoyment of learning a language


Learning a language has many aspects. Just I want to present my presentation about one of them which is the enjoyment of learning a language. Basically, I want to focus on three facts which are; sharing our feeling, knowing other’s cultures and being aware of other’s thinking.

Firstly, when we are learning a language, it makes us to share our feeling, imagination and our thought with others. Also through learning a language we can make new friends and from our new friends we will learn new experiences and by these experiences we will be able to solve our problems.

Secondly, language and culture have close relation to each other. So knowing a about others cultures is a by product of learning a language. Beside this, we can camper the cultures and find the familiar points between cultures. As a result when we know about other’s culture we will be able to deal in a good manner with others.

Finally, learning a language make us to be aware of other’s thinking. And it helps us to know how others are thinking and how they could get to high positions in their lives, also we will know what were the reasons behind their successfulness.

In summary, making new friends, sharing feelings, comparing cultures and finding the joint points of cultures give pleasure for learners and these are the joyful things in learning a language.

Leadership

Ali Hikmat
Leadership

Leadership is not an easy task to be possible for every individual. Every one is eager and have desire to be a leader and be loved by people. But it is a dream rather than reality. A good leadership, require facts like; awareness of community situation, social structure, drawing public attention and creating new ideas.

First, leadership is a mutual process between leader and society. Basically a leader must be profoundly aware of social behavior, social believe and social wants. Generally it helps a leader to get relevant decision about its affairs. For example, “Khalq and Parcham” were two political parties supporting by Union Soviet, Impatiently they wanted to compare their objectives in Afghanistan, but they had not adequate information about Afghan’s society. Soon they faced with strong collation, eventually ended by collapsing these two parties.

Secondly, knowing about social structure is one of the important elements of leaders’ successfulness. The area which he/she want to be leader, perhaps there are different ethic groups with various demands. It is so significant for a leader to be acceptable for all. On the other hand, all people in the society are not the same level or the same rank of economy, knowledge, idea or other privileges. Everywhere, society is consisting of noble, middle class and lower class. The successful leader is the one who is ideal for all social class in a society.

Thirdly, a leader should have the skill to draw public attention. It is not simple which every individual have such a skill to make public attention. A question come to our mind how can a leader attract public attentions? It is obvious; a leader should be hard working. And without giving scarifies victory is impossible, so leader must be ready to accept risks. Also a leader should be generous and sociable to build relation with every individual. In addition, charisma is one of the original elements of leadership. If a leader has such power or skill, it will help the leader to influence on public emotions. For example, the leader of Pakistan, “Mohammad Ali Junah” was a leader that he had charismatic power and he was an ideal leader for Pakistan’s people.

Finally, a leader should have specific plan and managed- procedure for his/her activities. Always leader should be initiator of new positive changes in the area which he/ she is working. For instance, Dr. Martin Luther king” was the one who could create a new positive idea among his followers. And regarding to leadership Nilsson Mandela and Dr. Luther King were the patterns of public leaders and they could bring the change in history of the world.

In summary, leadership is a complicated responsibility. It required to things like; awareness of community condition, knowing of social structure, making public attention and creating positive idea. Also leadership has some risks like; facing with criticizing, gossips, and sometimes leaders are torturing. So, it need more strength and patient .

TV themes

Ali/ HEP-3-128

Universal themes in TV

Universal themes are the things which are common among people everywhere in the world. These things have directly relation to human’s real lives such as; love, family’s problems, health condition, marriage costumes… the filmmakers and TV programmers set these issues in interrelated episodes within dramas or soap operas which are continuing for a long time, perhaps it will be continuing for several years. The characters which are playing the role are the same, in order to perform the show naturally. When the viewers watching they imagine that they are involved the scene or each viewer thinks that the show is revealing his/ her personal life.

My life

My Life
From dark... I came leaving my loved ones, I came in search of happiness, to be happy, I came in search of knowledge, to learn, I came in search of a leader to guide me, I came in search of a friend to care, But... God never liked me to be happy, He made me sad, unhappy; He made me depressed. He made me think how the world works; He made me realise how people are; He taught me to dwell upon all forms of life. He made me perfect to dwell, in life. Oh! My life.

A view of Bamyan

A view of Bamyan

How to do your schooling in Afghanistan

First of all, a favorite chool for starting your schooling. the school which you want to go should be near your house. It help you to get there easily and your parents are also not worry, they can find you soon. Also the school should have good equipment and good teachers.

After finding your favorite school, you should fill out the school form and past your photo on the upper Right Conner of the form.

after doing all these things, your primary schooling is starting. The primary school is involve six grade, you should study there for six years. totally you should spend twelve exams, each grade or educational year is consist of two exam, mid term exam and final exam. When you did all these things you are passing over to secondary school.

In secondary school you are studying three grades, seventh, eighth and ninth. This time you will have more homework and assignments than elementary school. You may pass six exam during three years secondary schooling to pass over to high school.

When you finished secondary school, the high school is starting. High school is more difficult than secondary school. The text books are complicated and you should study profoundly and manage your time and schedule your time and make a specific plan for your activities. When you finish high school period it is the to get ready for entrance exam of university.

Before you attend to entrance exam of university you should be ready for entrance exam. you should attend to private courses and review all your text books from seventh grade to twelve grade.

If you pass the exam, you have chance to go to university. In university, you are facing with new situation, new Friends and new teachers be careful and be sociable with all. University is consist of four years. Use very moment of your time in university to learn new things and in rich your experiences.

After graduation you have two choices, continuing your study to get your Master's degree or you want to work. If you want to work, type your application in good format and excellent qualification. Also you have several interview, during the interview dress yourself appropriately and be confident and calm. Answer the questions positively and be sure on yourself. :Finally you will get a job and your responsibility will increase, be honest and hard working!

Afghanistan today has the second highest maternal and infant mortality rates in the world. After nearly thirty years of war and occupation, the nation's medical system has been devastated and its doctors and other medical personnel are poorly trained. Afghans hoped that the U.S. invasion in October 2001, which initially routed the Taliban regime, would bring improvements in women's health and education, but the rights of Afghan women to adequate healthcare are still denied.
In MOTHERLAND AFGHANISTAN, Afghan-American filmmaker Sedika Mojadidi vividly reveals the extent of this tragedy by documenting the 2003 return to Afghanistan of her father, an OB/GYN who emigrated to the U.S. in 1972, as he attempts to rehabilitate Kabul's Rabia Balkhi Hospital, the largest women's hospital in the country, with the promised support of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
After waiting four months for desperately-needed equipment and supplies, and struggling to work amidst frustrating and heartbreaking conditions—the staff must take up a collection to buy medical supplies at a local pharmacy and the only indication of U.S. sponsorship is that the hospital's maternity ward has been named for Laura Bush—Dr. Mojadidi acknowledges that he has made a "huge mistake" in accepting the position and returns home. Two years later, he returns to Afghanistan again, this time to work with an Afghan NGO to train the staff at a large rural hospital.
At both the Kabul and rural hospitals, MOTHERLAND AFGHANISTAN movingly documents his heroic efforts to make a difference, including training the hospital staff, performing difficult operations to deliver premature babies, operating to repair life-threatening pelvic damage incurred during childbirth, and confronting shocking situations of domestic violence against women. The film also relates its moving story through archival footage and photos, a visit to a local orphanage, scenes of Kabul's devastated cityscape, and interviews with Dr. Mojadidi and his wife, patients and their families, and hospital staff members.
As Dr. Mojadidi declares, in order to stop the abuse of women and prevent the high maternity and infant death rates, it will be necessary to educate Afghanistan's women and children about their rights. Despite the U.S. Government's highly-publicized claims to improvements in Afghanistan, MOTHERLAND AFGHANISTAN reveals that far more financing and human resources will be needed to significantly improve women's health care in this beleaguered nation.

First Run Icarus Film"Motherland Afghanistan" Last updated 14 February 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2007 <http://www.frif.com/new2006/afgh.html>

mother land movie

Mother land movie is a film has made by a dauther of an Afghan American doctor. Her name is Sedika Mujadadi and her father is a doctor and his name is Qudratullah Mujadadi. He studed medical school in Afhghanistan then he went ot US for getting his master's detree, his wife is also a coctor. After finishing his study he return to Afghanistan to serve people. But by the time of Sovet invad to Afghanistan he black listed by communism ragiem and he had to leave the country and again he immagreted to US.

During the time of Jehad he came to Pakistan to help refugees and displaced people of Afghanistan and he stublished a holpetal in Jalalabad(infurtunatly destoyed by taliban) he was working in Peshawar and Qutacities to help People.

After toppling Taliban ragem, again he retun to Afghanistan and he start workig in Rabia Balkhi women hospital by funding of US government. By the time he was working in Rabia Balkhi hospital he didn't recieve any aid from US government and he leave the hospital and went back to US. After a time he came back to Afghanistan and had a trip to rural areas observing the health condition of people in suburbs. Also he was in charge of some madical training of doctors in Afghanistan.

written by Ali,



MOTHERLAND AFGHANISTAN retrieved 13 February 2007
www.motherlandafghanistan